Creating an App for Interacting with IoT Devices using BLE and FlutterFlow

a year ago • 23 min read

By Souvik Biswas

The ever-evolving landscape of IoT has brought the need for more efficient and interactive apps to the forefront. With a surge in our reliance on smart devices, tools like FlutterFlow and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) are stepping up to the challenge. FlutterFlow, a powerful no-code app builder, and BLE, a low power wireless communication standard, together form an impressive duo for creating IoT-based applications.

In this blog post, we'll unlock the process of integrating Bluetooth functionality in a FlutterFlow project using Custom Actions and guide you on how to prep an IoT device for interaction with the app.

✅

By the end of this tutorial, you'll learn to build a cross-platform app (Android & iOS) using FlutterFlow to send or receive data to and fro the IoT device.

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Disclaimer: As we would be using Custom Actions inside FlutterFlow, it's recommended to have some basic understanding of Dart and Flutter for following this article.

This step-by-step guide will serve as a blueprint, providing valuable insights to both seasoned developers and beginners in the realm of IoT app development. So, let's delve into the intriguing world of IoT, BLE, and FlutterFlow and create an app that truly connects.

App Overview

The final app that we will be building will consist of three pages:

SplashPage: Acting as the gateway to the app, the SplashPage is the first screen users will encounter. Here, we'll request Bluetooth permissions from the user and verify the device's Bluetooth status. It's a crucial step ensuring that our app can interact seamlessly with other Bluetooth-enabled devices.
HomePage: This is the primary page of the app consisting of a toggle to enable or disable Bluetooth, and displays both the devices currently connected and the nearby discoverable Bluetooth devices.
DevicePage: Delving deeper into inter-device interaction, the DevicePage comes into play when a user selects a device on the HomePage. Here, we establish a Bluetooth connection with the chosen device and navigate the user to this page. It provides a versatile platform for two-way communication, allowing data sending to the connected device, displaying received data, and featuring a button to disconnect when needed.

To give you a sneak peek into what we're about to build, here are some screenshots of the three pages (in order from left to right):

By integrating the functionalities of these three pages, we'll create a comprehensive app that streamlines user interaction with their IoT devices via Bluetooth.

Understanding the Basics

In this section, we'll look into some of the key concepts and the fundamentals of the tools we'll be using in our project.

About the hardware

When embarking on an IoT project, a clear understanding of the hardware involved is crucial. For this project, we're using the ESP32 microcontroller. This system-on-a-chip (SoC) integrates Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth capabilities, making it an excellent choice for our IoT application. Its power, affordability, and flexibility make it well-suited for various IoT scenarios.

Bluetooth Low Energy

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), also known as Bluetooth 4.0, is a protocol designed for short-range wireless communication. Developed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), BLE is favored for IoT applications due to its power efficiency. It enables devices to connect and exchange data while consuming minimal power, a critical aspect for battery-operated IoT devices. BLE has widened the realm of possibilities for device communication, marking a significant advancement in IoT.

FlutterFlow and its advantages

FlutterFlow is a no-code app development platform. It offers a drag-and-drop interface, pre-built UI components, and the ability to create and integrate custom codes. These features are designed to streamline the app creation process, reducing the need for extensive coding while maintaining flexibility. Whether you're an experienced developer or a beginner, FlutterFlow provides the tools to bring your app ideas to fruition.

In the following sections, we'll see how these elements come together to create an interactive IoT application.

Setting up FlutterFlow

Before diving into the development process, it's important to ensure that our workspace is ready. We'll be using FlutterFlow as our primary development tool. Here's a quick guide on how to set it up and get started:

Firstly, log in to your FlutterFlow account. On your dashboard, you'll see the option to "Create New" project.

Click on this, and you'll be asked to enter the project name and choose between starting from scratch or using a pre-existing template. For this tutorial, we'll be starting with a blank canvas – so select "Create Blank".

Once you've created your project, you'll be introduced to the FlutterFlow App Builder.

Learn more about the FlutterFlow App Builder layout here.

We want to focus on implementing the functionalities of the app rather than building the entire UI from scratch. So, it's recommended that you follow along using the starter project that contains the basic app layout and essential UI components.

Clone the Starter Project from here.

With these preliminary steps complete, you are ready to dive into the crux of creating custom actions and integrating BLE functionality into the FlutterFlow project.

Integrating BLE in FlutterFlow

To facilitate interaction between our FlutterFlow app and BLE-enabled IoT devices, we need to integrate BLE functionality into our FlutterFlow project. We'll achieve this with the help of custom actions and a suitable Flutter package.

What are Custom Actions?

Custom Actions in FlutterFlow are pieces of Dart code that you can write and integrate into your FlutterFlow project. These actions provide extended functionalities that aren't inherently present in FlutterFlow's pre-defined Actions.

In the context of our project, we'll be creating custom actions that facilitate enabling/disabling Bluetooth of the device, scanning for BLE devices, connecting to a device, and handling data transmission.

Check out the Custom Actions documentation page to learn more.

Required Flutter package

For integrating the Bluetooth functionality inside FlutterFlow, we'll use the flutter_blue_plus package. This Flutter plugin supports connectivity with other BLE devices, making it an ideal choice for our project. It provides APIs for finding devices, connecting to them, and exchanging data.

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The flutter_blue_plus package only supports Android and iOS devices. So, you won't be able to compile or test the custom actions on the web while working on the project.

Writing Custom Actions

We will need the following custom actions for fully implementing the BLE functionality inside our FlutterFlow project:

List of Custom Actions

isBluetoothEnabled: To verify whether the device's Bluetooth is enabled.
turnOnBluetooth: To turn on the device's Bluetooth (only works on Android).
turnOffBluetooth: To turn off the device's Bluetooth (only works on Android).
findDevices: To find nearby devices accessible via Bluetooth.
getConnectedDevices: To fetch the devices with which your device is already connected.
connectDevice: To connect with a Bluetooth device.
disconnectDevice: To disconnect from a Bluetooth device.
getRssi: To fetch the signal strength (RSSI) of the connected device.
sendData: To send data to the connected IoT device via BLE.
receiveData: To receive data from the connected IoT device via BLE.

1. isBluetoothEnabled Action

This action will be used to verify whether the device's Bluetooth is enabled. Let's start creating our first Custom Action:

While inside your FlutterFlow project, navigate to the Custom Code page from the left menu.
Click Add > Action.
Enter the name of the custom action as "isBluetoothEnabled".
This action should return a boolean value indicating whether Bluetooth is enabled. From the right panel, enable the toggle beside Return Value. Select the Type as Boolean, and make sure you uncheck both List and Nullable.
Add the required Pubspec Dependency. And click on the refresh button to fetch the dependency.
Now, you can use the code icon present in the top right corner to generate the boilerplate code and insert it into your editor. Add the import statement of the package and the code as follows:

// DO NOT REMOVE OR MODIFY THE CODE ABOVE!
// Add the following code:
import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<bool> isBluetoothEnabled() async {
  await FlutterBluePlus.instance.isOn;
  await Future.delayed(Duration(milliseconds: 100));
  final state = await FlutterBluePlus.instance.state.first;
  if (state == BluetoothState.on) {
    return true;
  }
  return false;
}

Make sure you check the "Exclude from compilation" checkmark (because this action can't be compiled on the web platform).
Click Save.

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Congrats! You are one step closer to complete integrating Bluetooth functionality inside your project.

For each of the custom actions that we'll be writing today, the arguments and return value might differ, but we will need the same Pubspec Dependency:

flutter_blue_plus: 1.5.2

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Replace the version with the latest one supported by the current Flutter version used inside FlutterFlow. You can get the latest version from the pub.dev page of the package.

2. turnOnBluetooth Action

This action can be used to turn on the device's Bluetooth (only works on Android). Let's take a look at a different method for adding a custom action.

Enter the name of the action as turnOnBluetooth.
Add the following code to the editor:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<bool> turnOnBluetooth() async {
  if (isAndroid) {
    return await FlutterBluePlus.instance.turnOn();
  }
  return true;
}

Add the flutter_blue_plus dependency.
Check "Exclude from compilation" checkbox.
Click Save.

This will automatically parse the code and define the return value and the arguments (if any). For adding the next custom actions, you can follow this method.

3. turnOffBluetooth Action

This action can be used to turn off the device's Bluetooth (only works on Android). Use the following code:

Future<bool> turnOffBluetooth() async {
  if (isAndroid) {
    return await FlutterBluePlus.instance.turnOff();
  }
  return true;
}

4. findDevices Action

This action can be used to find nearby devices accessible via Bluetooth and return them as a list.

Before adding this custom action, let's define a new Data Type called "BTDevice". This will make it simpler to store important IoT device information that we will require for managing the connection and for sending/receiving data. Follow the steps below:

Go to the Data Types page from the left menu.
Click on "+ Create Data Type" button.
Enter the name as "BTDevice". Click Create.
Click "+ Add Field". And, add the following fields one by one:

Use the following code for the custom action:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<List<BTDeviceStruct>> findDevices() async {
  final flutterBlue = FlutterBluePlus.instance;
  List<BTDeviceStruct> devices = [];
  flutterBlue.scanResults.listen((results) {
    List<ScanResult> scannedDevices = [];
    for (ScanResult r in results) {
      if (r.device.name.isNotEmpty) {
        scannedDevices.add(r);
      }
    }
    scannedDevices.sort((a, b) => b.rssi.compareTo(a.rssi));
    devices.clear();
    scannedDevices.forEach((deviceResult) {
      devices.add(BTDeviceStruct(
        name: deviceResult.device.name,
        id: deviceResult.device.id.toString(),
        rssi: deviceResult.rssi,
      ));
    });
  });
  final isScanning = flutterBlue.isScanningNow;
  if (!isScanning) {
    await flutterBlue.startScan(
      timeout: const Duration(seconds: 5),
    );
  }

  return devices;
}

5. getConnectedDevices Action

This action will be used to fetch the devices with which your device is already connected. Remember, connected devices don't show up in the scanned devices list. So, we need to use this separate action.

Code is as follows:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<List<BTDeviceStruct>> getConnectedDevices() async {
  final flutterBlue = FlutterBluePlus.instance;
  final connectedDevices = await flutterBlue.connectedDevices;
  List<BTDeviceStruct> devices = [];
  for (int i = 0; i < connectedDevices.length; i++) {
    final deviceResult = connectedDevices[i];
    final deviceState = await deviceResult.state.first;
    if (deviceState == BluetoothDeviceState.connected) {
      final deviceRssi = await deviceResult.readRssi();
      devices.add(BTDeviceStruct(
        name: deviceResult.name,
        id: deviceResult.id.toString(),
        rssi: deviceRssi,
      ));
    }
  }
  return devices;
}

6. connectDevice Action

You can use this action to connect with a Bluetooth device. It takes a BTDevice as one of its arguments and returns whether the connected device has write characteristics (we will discuss more about this while setting up our IoT device). Use the following code:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<bool> connectDevice(BTDeviceStruct deviceInfo) async {
  final device = BluetoothDevice.fromId(deviceInfo.id, name: deviceInfo.name);
  try {
    await device.connect();
  } catch (e) {
    print(e);
  }
  var hasWriteCharacteristic = false;
  final services = await device.discoverServices();
  for (BluetoothService service in services) {
    for (BluetoothCharacteristic characteristic in service.characteristics) {
      final isWrite = characteristic.properties.write;
      if (isWrite) {
        debugPrint(
            'Found write characteristic: ${characteristic.uuid}, ${characteristic.properties}');
        hasWriteCharacteristic = true;
      }
    }
  }
  return hasWriteCharacteristic;
}

7. disconnectDevice Action

This action can be used to disconnect from an already connected device. You need to pass the BTDevice from which you want to disconnect.

Code is as follows:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future disconnectDevice(BTDeviceStruct deviceInfo) async {
  final device = BluetoothDevice.fromId(deviceInfo.id, name: deviceInfo.name);
  try {
    await device.disconnect();
  } catch (e) {
    print(e);
  }
}

8. getRssi Action

Once you are connected to a device, this action can be used to fetch the signal strength (RSSI or Received Signal Strength Indicator) between your device and the connected device (as you go further away from the device, your signal strength decreases). The signal strength reading is returned as an integer.

Use the following code:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<int> getRssi(BTDeviceStruct deviceInfo) async {
  final device = BluetoothDevice.fromId(deviceInfo.id, name: deviceInfo.name);
  return await device.readRssi();
}

Know more about RSSI here.

9. sendData Action

This action can be used to send a String data to the connected IoT device via BLE. Use the following code:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future sendData(BTDeviceStruct deviceInfo, String data) async {
  final device = BluetoothDevice.fromId(deviceInfo.id, name: deviceInfo.name);
  final services = await device.discoverServices();
  for (BluetoothService service in services) {
    for (BluetoothCharacteristic characteristic in service.characteristics) {
      final isWrite = characteristic.properties.write;
      if (isWrite) {
        await characteristic.write(data.codeUnits);
      }
    }
  }
}

10. receiveData Action

You can use this action to receive data from the IoT device. The received data is usually in UTF-16 format (while reading, it will be of List<int> type), so we need to use the String.fromCharCodes() method to convert it to a String and return it.

Use the following code:

import 'package:flutter_blue_plus/flutter_blue_plus.dart';

Future<String?> receiveData(BTDeviceStruct deviceInfo) async {
  final device = BluetoothDevice.fromId(deviceInfo.id, name: deviceInfo.name);
  final services = await device.discoverServices();
  for (BluetoothService service in services) {
    for (BluetoothCharacteristic characteristic in service.characteristics) {
      final isRead = characteristic.properties.read;
      final isNotify = characteristic.properties.notify;
      if (isRead && isNotify) {
        final value = await characteristic.read();
        return String.fromCharCodes(value);
      }
    }
  }
  return null;
}

With this, you have completed defining all the custom actions required for implementing Bluetooth functionality inside your app. The final step involves connecting these custom actions to your UI components.

Connecting with the UI

Now that we have written our custom actions for BLE functionality, it's time to link these actions with the user interface (UI) of our app. We'll go through this process for each of our app's pages:

SplashPage

On this page, the app will request Bluetooth permissions and check the Bluetooth status before navigating the user to the HomePage.

First, you need to enable the Bluetooth permissions for the app inside FlutterFlow:

Go to the Settings and Integrations page from the left menu.
Select the Permissions tab (under Project Setup).
Enable Bluetooth permission toggle.
Enter a Permission Message that will be displayed to the user once this permission is requested.

Next, you need to add one more Bluetooth permission which will allow you to interact with the connected IoT device.

Click "+ Add Permission" button at the bottom of the page.
Enter the iOS Permission Key as NSBluetoothPeripheralUsageDescription.
Enter Android Permission Name as BLUETOOTH_ADMIN.
You can use the same Permission Message as used in the other Bluetooth permission.
Click the check icon to save.

Now, let's define the actions:

Go to the SplashPage.
We will ask for the permissions as soon as the page loads. Don't select any widget on the page (or, you can select the Scaffold), and go to the Actions tab from the Properties panel (right).
Click on "+ Add Action" and make sure On Page Load is selected.
Select Request Permissions action. Choose the permission type as Bluetooth.
We need to add a few more actions, so click on Open beside the Action Flow Editor.
Now, click on the "+" button just below the first action, and select Add Action.
Select Custom Action > isBluetoothEnabled. Enter the output variable as bluetoothEnabled.
Add another action after this, Navigate To > HomePage.
Pass the value for isBTEnabled parameter to the HomePage. Specify the value from Action Outputs > bluetoothEnabled.

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The SplashPage is now ready! Time to move on to the primary page of the app, HomePage.

HomePage

The HomePage will feature a toggle to enable or disable Bluetooth. Additionally, this page will scan and display the connected and nearby devices.

If you are using the Starter Project, you will find that we already have some Local Page State Variables inside the State Management tab of the Properties Panel (right). We will be requiring these variables for storing values, that we will be using on this page.

Page Load actions

Let's start by defining some On Page Load actions that will trigger as soon as the user is navigated to this page. The actions in order of the flow are as follows:

Update Page State action:
- Field: isBluetoothEnabled.
- Set Value > Page Parameters > isBTEnabled.
Add a Conditional Action to check whether the Bluetooth is enabled based on the isBluetoothEnabled page state variable. Only if it's true, we will execute the following actions, so define all the next actions under the TRUE branch.
Update Page State action:
- isFetchingDevices > True.
- isFetchingConnectedDevices > True.
Custom Action > getConnectedDevices:
- Output Valrible Name: fetchedConnectedDevices.
Update Page State action:
- isFetchingConnectedDevices > False.
- connectedDevices:
  - Set the value from Action Outputs > fetchedConnectedDevices.
Custom Action > findDevices:
- Output Valrible Name: devices.
Update Page State action:
- isFetchingDevices > False.
- foundDevices:
  - Set the value from Action Outputs > devices

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Great! This was the most essential part of this page to fetch the connected and nearby devices. Next, we need to add functionality to the Switch widget for enabling or disabling the device's Bluetooth.

Setting actions on Switch

Select the Switch widget and set the initial value from the isBTEnabled page parameter.

Keep the Switch widget selected. Go to the Actions tab and open the Action Flow Editor. Here you can define actions on Toggled On and on Toggled Off.

Actions for On Toggled On:

Turn on the Bluetooth:
- Custom Action > turnOnBluetooth
- Name the output variable as isTurningOn.
Add a Wait action having 1000ms to provide a short delay and let the Bluetooth state change.
Add an Update Page State action to set the value of isBluetoothEnabled to True.
Repeat the actions for updating the page states and fetching the connected and nearby devices (you can copy-paste the actions defined inside the On Page Load action, but use different output variable names).

Actions for On Toggled Off:

Turn off the Bluetooth:
- Custom Action > turnOffBluetooth
- Name the output variable as isTurningOff.
Add an Update Page State action to set the value of isBluetoothEnabled to False.

⚠️

Remember, the turnOnBluetooth and turnOffBluetooth custom actions only work on Android. If you want a solution for iOS, you can use a separate package (like app_settings) to navigate the user to the Bluetooth settings page and let them enable Bluetooth. However, we won't be looking into other packages in this article.

Displaying the connected devices

To display the connected devices inside a list, follow the steps below:

Select the ListView named ConnectedDevicesList.
Go to the Generate Dynamic Children tab inside the Properties Panel.
Enter the variable name as displayConnectedDevices.
Select the value from Page State > connectedDevices.
Click Confirm. You will get a dialog saying it will generate the list's children dynamically from the variable, click Ok.